Disruptor a mess o trouble4/9/2023 In some tissues, higher levels of BPA may be required in adults relative to the levels required during organogenesis and/or lactation to induce significant effects. Whereas the vulnerability of the fetus and neonate to the adverse effects of BPA has been established (for review see, ), additional potential windows of vulnerability such as the peripubertal period have not been well studied. In addition, there are numerous examples of adverse effects of BPA at doses below, and in some cases far below the current acceptable human daily intake dose (50 μg What about effects of BPA exposure in adulthood? Gestational, neonatal, and gestational and lactational exposure have all revealed effects of BPA in rodent models at doses below the established LOAEL (50 mg/kg BW/day). The prenatal and neonatal period represent the most vulnerable window of exposure (for review see ). The effects of BPA vary with the dose and time of exposure. Therefore, the first safety standard set by the EPA in 1988 and adapted by the FDA as a reference dose for BPA was The developing fetus and neonate are particularly vulnerable to BPA exposure The established LOAEL (50 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day) was then divided by an uncertainty factor of 1000 in order to provide a safety margin below the LOAEL for the permitted daily exposure limits. The lowest observed affect level (LOAEL) for BPA was established in a 2 year carcinogenesis study conducted in adult rodents exposed daily to high doses of BPA (reviewed in ). Dianin in 1891 and was investigated for potential commercial use How much BPA is safe? BPA is used in the manufacture of plastics and epoxy resins that are pervasive in our environment and in our daily lives.īPA is a known endocrine disrupter. Current estimates indicate that more than 8 billion pounds of BPA are produced annually and approximately 100 tons may be released into the atmosphere each year (for review see ). Section snippets Bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous in our environmentīPA is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide. Although many questions remain to be answered, it is becoming increasingly apparent that exposure to BPA is ubiquitous and that the effects of this endocrine disruptor are complex and wide-ranging. Much more investigation is needed to understand the potential adverse health effects of BPA exposure in humans and to understand the multiple pathways through which it may act. The various reported adverse effects of BPA are reviewed, and potential mechanisms of BPA action are discussed. Studies in rodents have identified adverse effects of BPA at levels at or below the current acceptable daily intake level for this compound. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that BPA may influence multiple endocrine-related pathways. Although initially considered to be a weak environmental estrogen, more recent studies have demonstrated that BPA may be similar in potency to estradiol in stimulating some cellular responses. This compound is also found in an enormous number of other products that we come into contact with daily, and therefore it is not surprising that it has been detected in the majority of individuals examined. Studies have shown that BPA can leach from these and other products in contact with food and drink, and as a result, routine ingestion of BPA is presumed. This compound is a building block of polycarbonate plastics often used for food and beverage storage, and BPA is also a component of epoxy resins that are used to line food and beverage containers. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide.
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